I Saw Guinevere There as Well Essay -- Arthurian Legends Essays

I Saw Guinevere There also Various sources, for example, Layamon's Arthur's Dream, Marie de France's Lanval and Sir Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur, depict Guinevere as an unfaithful spouse and the essential driver of the fall of King Arthur and The Round Table. In the entirety of the three works, Guinevere is seen moving toward different men, for example, Lanval and Sir Lancelot, knights of her significant other. Also, yet, she stays upright and engaging according to King Arthur, who adores her truly. Such visual impairment or potentially Arthur's unrestricted love of Guinevere and Lancelot, Arthur's best knight, lead to the fall of Arthur's Britain and of the Round Table. In one of her lays, Lanval, Marie de France presents Guinevere moving toward the principle character,Lanval, one of Arthur's knights, with a recommendation. She offers herself to Lanval to be his special lady, ready to fulfill his sexual delights: Lanval, I've respected you truly, Have treasured you and adored you beyond a reasonable doubt. All my affection is available to you. Your fancy woman I agree to be; You ought to get a lot of happiness from me (257-262). Such conduct is unmistakably unsatisfactory for a woman in Guinevere's position. She doesn't just trade off herself, yet in addition presents Arthur as a feeble man, unfit to control his significant other, and in this way a frail ruler. Besides, the creator of the story depicts Guinevere as a fiendish character. Enraged by Lanval's dismissal of her methodologies, Guinevere affronts Lanval, considering him a gay: Frequently I have heard men assert That ladies are not what you like. In any case, you have numerous pretty young men With whom you like to take your delights (273-276). In addition, Guinevere later makes a story to tell Arthur, where the jobs are switched and Lanval is pr... ...Thomas Malory, present Guinevere, Arthur's sovereign, as one of the reasons for the fall of Arthurian domain. Guinevere is portrayed as a devilish and unfaithful spouse, whose conduct triggers the fall of her better half's standard. What's more, albeit different components, for example, individuals' desire and fiendishness, impact the result of the incredible domain, Guinevere's unfaithfulness is the essential driver of the fall of King Arthur and his Round Table. Works Cited France, Marie De. Lanval. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams. New York: W.W.Norton and Company, Inc., 2000. 127-140. Layamon. Arthur's Dream. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams. New York: W.W.Norton and Company, Inc., 2000. 122-124. Malory, Thomas Sir. Morte Darthur. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams. New York: W.W.Norton and Company, Inc., 2000. 421-439. I Saw Guinevere There also Essay - Arthurian Legends Essays I Saw Guinevere There also Various sources, for example, Layamon's Arthur's Dream, Marie de France's Lanval and Sir Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur, depict Guinevere as an unfaithful spouse and the essential driver of the fall of King Arthur and The Round Table. In the entirety of the three works, Guinevere is seen moving toward different men, for example, Lanval and Sir Lancelot, knights of her better half. Furthermore, yet, she stays prudent and engaging according to King Arthur, who cherishes her beyond a reasonable doubt. Such visual deficiency or conceivably Arthur's unequivocal love of Guinevere and Lancelot, Arthur's best knight, lead to the fall of Arthur's Britain and of the Round Table. In one of her lays, Lanval, Marie de France presents Guinevere moving toward the principle character,Lanval, one of Arthur's knights, with a suggestion. She offers herself to Lanval to be his fancy woman, ready to fulfill his sexual delights: Lanval, I've respected you genuinely, Have treasured you and adored you sincerely. All my affection is available to you. Your escort I agree to be; You ought to get a lot of happiness from me (257-262). Such conduct is unmistakably inadmissible for a woman in Guinevere's position. She doesn't just trade off herself, yet in addition presents Arthur as a frail man, incapable to control his significant other, and in this way a powerless ruler. Besides, the creator of the story depicts Guinevere as a devilish character. Infuriated by Lanval's dismissal of her methodologies, Guinevere affronts Lanval, considering him a gay: Regularly I have heard men assert That ladies are not what you like. Be that as it may, you have numerous pretty young men With whom you like to take your delights (273-276). Additionally, Guinevere later fabricates a story to tell Arthur, where the jobs are turned around and Lanval is pr... ...Thomas Malory, present Guinevere, Arthur's sovereign, as one of the reasons for the fall of Arthurian realm. Guinevere is depicted as an underhanded and unfaithful spouse, whose conduct triggers the fall of her better half's standard. Furthermore, albeit different elements, for example, individuals' envy and insidiousness, impact the result of the unbelievable domain, Guinevere's unfaithfulness is the essential driver of the fall of King Arthur and his Round Table. Works Cited France, Marie De. Lanval. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams. New York: W.W.Norton and Company, Inc., 2000. 127-140. Layamon. Arthur's Dream. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams. New York: W.W.Norton and Company, Inc., 2000. 122-124. Malory, Thomas Sir. Morte Darthur. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams. New York: W.W.Norton and Company, Inc., 2000. 421-439.

ACS Code of Ethics and ACS Code of Professional Conduct

Question: Examine about the ACS Code of Ethics and ACS Code of Professional Conduct. Answer: Presentation: Preparing and training of IT specialists, among them security directors, for the most part centers at giving specialized abilities and information. IT authorities for the most part figure out how to perform assignments however achieve little information assuming none, on how such abilities may be misused(John Weckert, 2013). Most IT professionals accept that they are qualified for do whatever they have the ability to do. Be that as it may, do they truly think about moral issues in their activities? Do they ever mind how their activities influence the employment of others? According to the realities on account of Harshel explicit good issues can be distinguished as clashing with one another. Right off the bat the representatives are qualified for act expertly and adhere to their activity while in the work environment since that is the thing that they are paid for. Now and again the workers may make some free memories. Would they be able to utilize this opportunity to browse their messages or visits different sites that they may have enthusiasm for. Is it ethically directly for Hershey to interfere with the individual undertakings of the laborers? This would sensibly be considered as interfering the protection of others. On the off chance that Hershel chooses to screen the locales that representatives visit as taught by the business, somewhat it tends to be ethically directly since it can keep a few representatives from visiting destinations like phonography that may make an unfriendly working environment(Colin Boyd, 2012). Then again it constrains the protection privileges of representatives gave that there is no consented to arrangement on what sights one should visit in their PCs. Hershels choice may host different effects on various gatherings in the association. These incorporate the partners who are representatives of the organization, business and Harshel himself. The choice may influence people in general everywhere additionally as they are the client or potential customers of the organization. In Primacy of Public Interest, the ACS set of accepted rules expresses that, you will put the interests of the general population over those of individual, business or sectional interests(Teofilo Gonzalez, 2014). As a worker of the organization Harshel has a cozy relationship with his associates which may break in the event that he really presents the week after week reports. A portion of the representatives mays lose their positions while others may get punished accordingly and the associates will consistently think about him as a back biter. On the off chance that he bombs representatives would consider it slipping off of obligations and he should get terminated with a reason of neglecting to adhere to straightforward guidelines. The component of trust between and Harshel and partners may be influenced by the sort of choice he makes. A large number of the laborers would not impart touchy data to him considering the sort of examination he does to them. The topic of decency appears to be a no-issue to the businesses of this organization. A reasonable business would offer the workers a chance to invigorate their psyches by permitting them to visits locales like amusement social sites during their available time. Rather than acting aimlessly and following choices carelessly there is in every case a few choices and choices that Harshel should seriously mull over so as to reasonable for everybody. For instance rather than reluctantly experiencing somebody logins he can beg the board to remember an understanding for business contract that is cautions the representatives about visiting certain site with work computers(Berleur, 2013). Then again, a program can be introduced in the working PCs to keep individuals from for signing in into undesirable sites. Keeping laborers from redirecting their consideration from work to different destinations may build efficiency and ability of representatives as fixation to the work will be high. The higher the profitability the more the revenue(Fogg, 2013). This could be reasonable for the business as the will gain need they have really worked for. Before Harshey should settle on any choice it is astute to connect with the partners and let them express the perspectives and assessments. Despite the fact that assessment of different partners might be one-sided furthering their potential benefit, a few components of the perspectives can add to an increasingly practical choice. Under the Australian Privacy Principles (APPs) in the Privacy Act 1998 shields individuals and associations from infringement privacy(John Weckert, 2013). This choice is thusly not perceived by law. Actually, the organization may have lawful rights to get to the individual data and messages of the workers to ensure that delicate organization data isn't being uncovered. At times there may be unreasonable standards and laws in any case the standard of law rules. As a matter of fact settling on this choice is a hard undertaking that remains between the individual and his activity. Humankind is acceptable ethics and how one relates with other people. Morals are constantly set to help individuals manage others inside the law and morally(Leif Bloch Rasmussen, 2013). The choices an individual makes in life ought to stay for instance to other people and assist them with living better lives. References Berleur, J. J. 2013. Morals of Computing: Codes, Spaces for Discussion and Law. Berlin: Springer Science Business Media. Colin Boyd, A. C. 2012. Data Security and Privacy: fifth Australasian Conference, ACISP 2000, Brisbane, Australia, July 10-12, 2000, Proceedings. Berlin: Springer Science Business Media. Fogg, B. 2013. Convincing Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do. Burlington: Morgan Kaufmann. John Weckert, R. L. 2013. Polished skill in the Information and Communication Technology Industry. Canberra: ANU E Press. Leif Bloch Rasmussen, C. B. 2013. PCs and Networks in the Age of Globalization: IFIP TC9 Fifth World Conference on Human Choice and Computers August 2528, 1998, Geneva, Switzerland. Berlin: Springer. Teofilo Gonzalez, J. D.- H. 2014 Computing Handbook, Third Edition: Computer Science and Software Engineering. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Recommendations to the Cyber Czar Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Suggestions to the Cyber Czar - Assignment Example Nations work with unique procedures to encourage the internet security. This is planned for shielding a national domain from the internet vindictive assaults. Actualizing the security framework is a joint correlation of Homeland Security and the National Strategy. The arrangements are set to draw in the worldwide populace to take part in executing security levels in the internet. This comes as an activity of each nation to execute security subtleties in the internet they own, work and control. Making sure about the internet includes troublesome key difficulties which require center and coordination from the whole society. This comes as a joined power from the neighborhood and state governments and the private part (Arias, 2010). Targets set to meet the proposals The system to make sure about the internet accompanies a blend of organizing and sorting out endeavors. This offers departmental heads in government with headings in controling noxious assaults on the internet. The procedure targets distinguishing the neighborhood and state governments, private association and people who can occur in improving digital security. The feature of the technique is in the converging of private and open commitment. Improving digital security accompanies everybody functioning as one to make sure about the internet. ... Consistence inside the National Strategy by the Homeland Security works with set targets to guarantee that the set procedure in making sure about cybercrime works with the set proposals (Briggs and Burke, 2009). The fundamental goals are to: 1. Give the residents security from digital assaults on basic foundations 2. Diminish the chance of people to get digital assaults 3. Execute a harm control and recuperation plan from the digital assaults The risk and weakness depicted by the internet The economy and the security framework rely upon data innovation. Significant applications that run at the center rely upon the web. The web was initially worked to encourage inquire about among researchers. Manhandling the web organize was not part of the arrangement. Today the web associates individuals through PC systems uncovering ISP’s, Software Manufacturers, End Users and Operating System makers to pernicious assaults. PC systems interface various articles, for example, financial excha nges, electrical transformers and trains. A malevolent assault that bargains the working of such articles puts the end client off guard. Digital Czar can spread a range of noxious assaults against basic data. The primary concern is sorted out assaults that cause disturbance of the National basic foundation, national security and the economy. Assailants expect modernity to complete such assaults yet this doesn't imply that nations can unwind on setting safety efforts. Countries face circumstances where programmers have distinguished escape clauses where they can amplify on in doing their false exercises (Purdy, 2011). Legitimate investigation of the digital dangers needs a drawn out examination of the

Case Study Burch V Shire Of Yarra Ranges Anor

ASSIGNMENT-1 Common Law Case Study Case 1: Burch v Shire of yarra ranges Anor 1. Details of the case Plaintiff Fiona Burch( W/o late Michael) Defendats Shire of south yarra Quality roads PVT LTD Location Melbourne Incident Transport Accident Incident commenced 13/11/1998 Date hearing 04/11/ 2004 2. Explanation of the incident ïÆ'Ëœ Mr Michael Burch expired while his four wheeler vehicle clean off in YR ( yarra ranges) shire on 13th November, 1998. ïÆ'Ëœ Fiona Burch with her two kids (plaintiff) claims a case against shire of YR, and a company of quality roads pvt ltd as they are responsible death of the Michael on basis of defendants caused the break of his duty and responsibility. ïÆ'Ëœ Explanation of deadly accident, Mr. Burch the plaintiff’s husband on 13th November 1998, he was on that way to cross the floodway as it was regular banking day for him. But Mr Burch died while he tried to cross the floodway in his car which slide off while he attempt trying to cross the culvert. 3. Applying Four common law criteria in this case study assessment was done as per the following: ï  ¶ Foreseebility : Plaintiff claim: The death act/incident of Mr. Michael Burch was due to floodway which lies at bisect point of black springs road is a foreseen activity, responsibility of Shire of YR also the contractor Quality Roads PVT LTD. Since the first mean responsibility of shire is to take upon burden of building, rehabilitation, and maintenance works. The works of pavements,

Essay On Manifest Destiny - 1551 Words

Manifest Destiny was a widely spread belief that settlers in the United States should expand across North America. It was the belief that fueled the westward expansion. The westward expansion led to many other events in and around the United States. Before Manifest Destiny and the westward expansion the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War took place which allowed America to declare independence. Manifest Destiny was a big influence on the evolution of transport and technology. Before we look at the main influence on transport and technology we must look at what happened before Manifest Destiny. Some events helped to influence Manifest Destiny and the evolution of transport and technology. One event is the French and Indian War†¦show more content†¦maritime rights. The war ended in 1815 with the exchange of ratifications of the Treaty of Ghent. United States now owned territory up to the Missouri River and explored the Louisiana Purchase. After settling this territory Manifest Destiny became a very popular idea and belief. Manifest Destiny was used to justify the war with Mexico in the 1840’s which resulted in the U.S. owning more land that Mexico previously owned. The idea spread throughout the United States. It was such a popular belief because of the ideas behind it. Many of the ideas behind Manifest Destiny were influenced by the Second Great Awakening. Settlers believe that God blessed the expansion of America. They also believed that all Native Americans were heathens. By converting the Native American tribes they believed they were saving souls and were doing good. A symbol of Manifest Destiny is â€Å"Columbia† and it shows the figure moving across the land in advance of settlers, replacing darkness with light and ignorance with civilization. There was also other influences on Manifest Destiny. Such as the economic motives. Aspiring homesteaders were drawn in by the desire for more land. Once gold was discovered in California in 1848 the number of migrants increased drastically. The westward expansion had many big influences. Manifest Destiny was the main idea for expanding west. The Second Great Awakening was a big influence as well. These ideas were the drivingShow MoreRelatedEssay On Manifest Destiny1432 Words   |  6 Pages Manifest Destiny has many topics to choose from, the Annexation and war with Mexico being one of them. Annexation is the action of invading, most times it was about invading land. There were more Americans living in Texas then there were Mexicans. Eventually Texas became an independent republic in 1836, this simply added to the events leading up to the war with Mexico. The purpose of this essay is to understand the Annexation of Texas, how the war with Mexico began, what happened in the MexicanRead MoreThe Manifest Destiny Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagesfull swing by the 1840s. Which evidenced that the continued expansion of the states was an issue and the idea of a Manifest Destiny was of major importance. John L. O’Sull ivan once stated, â€Å"Our Manifest Destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions† (America: A Narrative History). The idea of a Manifest Destiny originated in the 1840s by the Anglo-Saxon Colonists to expand their ideal civilization and institutions across NorthRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay802 Words   |  4 Pages Manifest destiny was the belief that God wanted the United States to own all of North America (Hall 301). But John O’Sullivan really only envisioned that white men were the only ones privileged enough to receive liberty (Hal 301). The Manifest Destiny was caused by the American people it gave them a sense of superiority over the other peoples who lived in North America. The declaration of the Manifest destiny wanted to expand the U.S. territory over the whole of North America and to extend andRead MoreThe Manifest Destiny Essay884 Words   |  4 Pages The Manifest Destiny is the idea of continental expansion by the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, which naturally occurred out of a deep want and need to explore and conquer new lands and establish new borders. This idea contributed to several wars, including the US-Mexican War. Mexico and the United States had its share of territorial issues. With only four more days of his presidency, on March 1, 1845, President John Tyler signed the Texas annexation bill. When the UnitedRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay989 Words   |  4 Pages Manifest Destiny(1830s-1840s) The ideal of Manifest Destiny has shaped the American society during the 1830s to 1840s by establishing the innovation of manufacture, the expansion of territorial, transportation, and communication. Though it is one of the greatest period of the westward territorial expansions, it caused a massive conflict of social interaction, political, religious and automatically divided the gender roles in the community. During the nineteenth century, American had expandedRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesManifest Destiny Westward expansion was a key component that shaped the United States not only geographically, but economically as well. The first sign of any expansion West from the original states was when Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803. The country was in need of new land in order to accommodate for the expanding population. Once the country started to expand, its power soon followed. The nation had a struggle with expanding because of the Native AmericansRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pagesstagnation. The landmass of the Thirteen Colonies was enough to rival that of the Mother country from which they separated. 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It was this philosophyRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesexpand west to the Pacific Ocean, Manifest Destiny would become one of the most influential ideologies in American history (Greenberg 3). This belief of the settlers aided in the westward expansion of the nation’s boundaries through the removal of the Native Americans who had inhabi ted the western lands for generations and in some cases centuries; and with a war with Mexico in which we gained territory in Texas, the southwest and California. The idea of Manifest Destiny was first introduced into theRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesManifest Destiny is A term used in the 19th century to describe the early American settlers’ belief that expansion was unavoidable, and destined to happen. The idea led to settlers migrating westward with the notions that whatever acts they committed were justified. The belief that the circumstances warranted their behaviors. This mindset led to the Indian Removal Act, the Mexican-American War, the California Goldrush, and eventually the development of railroads across the continent which helped

Factors Influencing Online Banking Acceptance - 904 Words

Factors influencing online banking acceptance: 1. Security: (Joseph; Stone, 2003) have said that the internet deals with a huge number of various financial transactions like customer payments, securities transactions applications for insurance acquisitions or loans. The result of the intention of the internet is to be an open network which means a high security risks are implicated with financial transactions. Today, different techniques and standards are presented in order to control these risks. Basic requirements are as follows: customer and financial institution have to trust each other; private data have to be encoded. No third party can be able to quickly get access to the private information such as financial transactions; It necessary to be guaranteed that the receiver and the sender have the same intentions. Gautam and Khare (2014) also reference about security issues in online banking by saying â€Å"Security violation can be categorized as Violation with serious criminal intention, Violation by casual hackers or Flaws in systems design and/ or set up leading to a security violation. E-banking system users still face the security risks with unauthorized access† (Gautam and Khare, 2014). (Mohammad, 2008) has a study about the emerging gap between banks’ expectations (or at least what their written customer policy agreements imply) and users’ actions related to the security requirements of online banking, the study discussed the issue about using online bankingShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Online Banking Usage Intentions: an Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model9543 Words   |  39 PagesANALYSIS OF ONLINE BANKING USAGE INTENTIONS: AN EXTENSION OF THE TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL By Amin, Hanudin Publication: International Journal of Business and Society Date: Wednesday, July 1 2009 ABSTRACT Purpose - This study is aimed at investigating the factors influencing the online banking acceptance in Kota Kinabalu, Northern Borneo, Malaysia. 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Software Testing in Auckland Companies Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Software testing in Auckland Companies. Answer: Introduction The software program testing is an activity that is carried out when it comes to analysing of the software quality along with enhancing it in relation to offering (guide to the software developers) (Ammann Offutt, 2016). The objective of the testing is too methodically in addition to a stepwise detection of the different classes of faults that are within the minimum amount of tie and with less amount of the effort. The software testing is a relevance element of the software quality assurance and also you will find variety of company in Auckland up to forty percent of their resources with regards to testing (Ammann Offutt, 2016). The modern software systems needs to be incredibly reliable along with correct. The automatic methods for making certain that the software program is right vary from the static techniques for example the type of the software examining or perhaps the static analysis, along with the dynamic methods for instance the testing . Each one of these techniques have strengths along with weaknesses , an illustration is the model checking which is automatic , comprehensive however it could suffer from the facet of scalability (Kasoju, Petersen Mntyl, 2013). On the other aspect the static analysis, scales to the substantial programs but they might offer spurious safety measures, whilst the testing alone possibly will miss on all the essential error since they will be inherently imperfect. It is very important note that the software testing must not happen by the end of the software lifecycle, but rather must happen in the identical to the development process (Cohen, Gibbons, Mugridge Colbourn, 2003). It relates to a lot time in addition to a wide range of effort even with the utilization of the automated software program testing applications (Chauhan Singh, 2014). The software testing is an extremely difficult task, because it is difficult to determine about how the software will malfunction particularly when it has been invoked towards the end users especially in the real world (Cohen, Gibbons, Mugridge Colbourn, 2003). It has been used in the verification as well as validation that the functional requirements have been met. The software testing ensures that the software design, the codes as well as the documentations are all met by a given organization or perhaps the external standards set by the software testing the bodies which governs. This research is intended to be undertaken on software testing in Auckland (Gelperin Hetzel, 1988). The research will provide an awareness of the process of testing the software particularly in Auckland. Additionally, it would provide the software developers as well as the stakeholders on the significance of the software testing, and the techniques of testing. Literature review The software testing process is the method for the software development lifecycle that has been used when it comes to detecting on the software failures early enough when the software is been developed to be able to correct on the software before it could be used by the end users (Au, Baker, Warren Dobbie, 2008). The software testing process entails the examination and the execution to the codes of the software and make sure it is functioning as required (Grundy, Ding Hosking, 2005). Based on Gelperin and Hetzel they had presented the evolution of the software test engineering that is traced through examining on the changes in the testing process model as well as on the level of the professionalism over the past decade. The two phase model such as the demonstration and the destruction models as well as the two life cycles like evolution and prevention models have all been provided in order to describe the growth of the testing of the software (Gelperin Hetzel, 1988). These authors have also explained on the prevention orientated testing methodology based on the models. According to Richardson and Malley they proposed approaches which focusses on the usage of the specification when it came to the selecting of the test cases (Kasoju, Petersen Mntyl, 2013). They highlighted on the specification based testing through extending on the wide range of the implementation based on the testing techniques which should be applied to the formal specification languages and be able to determine these approaches to the Larch specification languages. The origins of the literature on the software testing has dated back to the early 70s , testing was conceived like an art, and it was exemplified to be the destructive process through which there was execution of the program with the intention of finding the errors. It is during this period that Dijkstra who cited on the aphorism in regards to the software testing which could only show the presence of the faults, but rather not on their absence. In the 80s there was clearly supposition in relation to testing to the status of the engineered discipline, and there was clearly have to look at the alterations to the goals from just the error discovery to much more extensive together with positive view of the prevention. Nowadays development continues to be considered to be a vast along with continuous activity via the improvement process (Gelperin Hetzel, 1988). There have been a lot study designed in the early years but it has matured into methods along with tools which help in making test design contemplating to be more systematic along with incorporate it within the means of development. There has been numerous test that has recently been offered when it comes to the industrial adoption, among which the most desired model is the V and all its variant share the variation of the minimum unit, integration as well as the system levels for the testing. Research methodology In this research there was use of the web based survey as the selected way for the research because of its convenience along with greater efficiency. There was clearly sending of email with a link to the participant to have the ability to take part in the survey. Due to internet having access to that has already been common in individuals lives with most of the software company in Auckland possessing an electronic message address, an online survey evolved into the most desired over the other techniques. In spite of its downsides the online surveys are less expensive in addition to convenient, to both the respondents and researchers. The categories which were examined were on the software testing training and experience, existing software training methods, and when it should be done. The survey included both close ended and open ended questions. Findings and Discussion Based on the findings the testing methods as well as techniques in the Auckland appears to become more constrained because of the deficiency of the resources along with experiences to the developers. Most of the companies are adapting the manual testing. The manual testing is a part of the testing process, there is certainly a trend in the direction of the automated testing. The most popular testing that has been done by most of the organization is the black box testing to be able to ensure that the software program have worked correctly depending on the requirements. The techniques for example the inspections as well as the static techniques were much less used since they require a lot of time and experience from the developers. Further result reveal that as a result of time and the high cost, many of the software organization did not utilize fully on the software testing methodologies. Some organization highlighted that they did not use any given methodology but rather they used ad hoc testing method. How software testing is carried out in Auckland Based on the software requirement specification the task program is created. The accountability of the software program testers is usually to be in a position to produce the software test plan from the software program requirement plan and the task plan (Rushby, 2005). The developers generally begin to code from the layout (Patton, 2001). The project work is split up into the numerous modules and these modules of the project are circulated among the various developers. The responsibility of the tester should be to create a particular scenario and write the test cases depending on the assigned modules. The data could possibly be maintained manually in the excel test case template or perhaps the bug tracking tools. When the developers have finalized on the personal modules those modules are after that allocated to the testers (Rushby, 2005). There is certainly then carrying of the smoke testing that could be carried out on these types of modules and in the event it neglects on these te st, the modules are after that reassigned to the respective developers for almost any fix (Myers, Sandler Badgett, 2011). In the event of any passed modules, the manual testing might be carried out from created test cases. In the event that there is certainly any bug that could be found that could be assigned to the module developer and it might get logged in the bug tracking tool, the bug fix, there is a bug verification along with regression testing which should be carried out to the other related modules (Patton, 2001). If the bug passes the strategy of verification it will be then marked as a verified along with marked as closed (Myers, Sandler Badgett, 2011). The above pointed out bug cycle could become repeated. There are several tests that happen to be performed by the Auckland developers to the various modules in addition to integration testing on the module integration (Rushby, 2005). These tests could involves compatibility testing, which involves testing of the program on the various hardware, the software platforms, and the operating system versions. Additionally, there is the load testing which is one to the software requirement specification. The system testing is carried out through the creation of the virtual client environment, if it passes on this test cases, there is a test report which is prepared and a decision is taken for releasing of that particular product. existing software testing methods In the research survey it was clear that many of the developers in Auckland used functional testing as comparison to the structural testing. They carried out black box testing instead of the inner logic testing (Myers, Sandler Badgett, 2011). The black box is any specific device which has internal information and the functioning are not recognized or maybe designed for the users. It is the testing of the software program depending on the specifications along with the output requirements and without any type of knowledge of the coding or maybe the internal structure in the system (Kuhn, Wallace Gallo, 2004). The primary purpose of this methodology is to test about how well the method might comply with a particular requirements for the method. The black box testing carries little or maybe no know-how to the internal logical framework of the given program. It aim is to make sure that all the inputs have been properly accepted as well as the outputs have been produced correctly. White box testing the internal details as well as the structure are made to become visible (Richardson, O'Malley Tittle, 1989). This method is very efficient especially in detecting as well as resolving problems, since the bugs can be found before even they could cause problems. This method of testing software process could be regarded as the knowledge of the internal structure as well as the coding. The software needed to work well, therefore the functional testing was regarded as an important aspect by many developers in Auckland (Chauhan Singh, 2014). Many of the developers in Auckland acts as the testers in the software organizations and hence the structural testing, for example the unit testing was much common. Aspect as the integration, security as well as recovery testing was also highlighted by many respondents. Dynamic and static testing The dynamic testing involves the execution of the software program. This might consist of the box testing, white testing along with the hoc testing. In the study not every respondent pointed out they would do the black box testing however they also ticked the dynamic testing (Sung Paynter, 2006). This might reveal certain misunderstanding in relation to the conditions in the questionnaire or maybe some inconsistency which is within the software testing process (Majchrzak, 2010). This can be very evident in the literature exactly where the conditions were not used in a regular manner. Nevertheless, it is extremely distinct from the survey done just that the dynamic testing was the most typical compared to the inspection or maybe the static testing methods (Majchrzak, 2010). The technique of inspections, syntax and walkthrough could be time consuming and this might be the reason as to the reasons many developers in Auckland overlooked on these processes. Manual and Automated testing The automated method is becoming more popular but based on the results the manual testing is much more common in Auckland. One method used for automatic testing is the Ranorex (Richardson, O'Malley Tittle, 1989). This is a simple but yet a comprehensive as well as a cost effective tool which is used in the automatic testing. It is the best alternative as comparison to the other testing tools since it tests the programs from the perspective of the users, using the standard language and the common programming techniques such as the C+ and the VB.net (Hao Mendes, 2006). The method does not require any understanding of the scripting language, since it is coded in pure. Net code. Software testing strategies The software testing strategies integrate on different software test case design methodologies to the well planned series of the steps which result in the successful testing of the software (Hao Mendes, 2006). The software testing strategies are significant to testing. Some of these are as follows: Unit testing This is done at the lowest level. This testing is intended to test on the basic unit of the software, that may be module or perhaps component (Majchrzak, 2010). This testing is on the levels of the testing that contribute in order to make the big picture of the testing to be the whole system. Integration testing This is done when two or perhaps more tested units have been combined to a large structure (Majchrzak, 2010). The testing is usually done on the interfaces which can be between the components and the larger structure which is being constructed. System testing This testing usually intends to test on the end to end quality of the entire system. It is based on the functional as well as the requirements specifications of a given system (Hao Mendes, 2006). The quality attributes such as the security, maintainability as well as the reliability are all checked. Acceptance testing This is carried out when the complete system has been handed over to the clients or perhaps the users from the side of the developer (Verma Arora, 2014). Figure 1: This diagram highlights the various strategies for testing When is software testing done Testing of the software can be done at the start of the development of the software life cycle. Based on the respondent in Auckland highlighted that most of the errors which are identified are found in the testing phase that is already been introduced in the requirement of perhaps the design phase (Schwieren, Vossen Westerkamp, 2006). The defects which are identified later in the software development are very expensive to fix as comparison to the defects found in the early stages (Kaur Singh, 2014). The testing needs to start early in order to avoid the introduction of any defects in the early phase. The testing of the software early helps to achieve cost effectiveness. The testing start early in the development of the software in order to solve the problem as early as the bug are found, they become cheaper in order to fix them. In the requirement phase in case there is any issue or perhaps a conflict is found it would take little time to fix on the issue and it becomes much cheape r than fixing the bug in the actual testing (Schwieren, Vossen Westerkamp, 2006). If it was in the maintenance phase it means it costs more after the product is going to be produced (Kaur Singh, 2014). The testing should be designed as much as possible in order to find on the defects of the highest severity as well as the highest relevance to the users (Sung Paynter, 2006). Testing at the start helps to validate that the system has been developed based on the requirements of the users. The validation should be done to ensure that the developers are building on the right system, as well as helping in the making of the decision, which is important for the risk management. Conclusion The software testing is becoming very important when it comes to the development of the software and its importance has been recognized in the information technology industry. Nonetheless, the clear common guidelines as well as the standards which govern the software compact nature of numerous software advancement firms, most of the key elements were neglected and testing has not gained much recognition it should get. This continues to be predictable in several to the numerous developers particularly in which they had to be multi-skilled and testing function needs to be separated. The quality is the major focus to any of the software engineering project and without measuring, it could not be possible to understand the degree of the quality in a particular software. The strategies to the measurement of the quality are software testing techniques. This research has related to the various king of the testing technique which could be applied in the measuring of the various quality attrib utes. It is important to constantly to be able to summarize on the new achievements and propose on the various ideas to promote the study on software testing process. On the recommendation the test team should focus on finding on the defects in the software such as the deviation from the software requirements specification or perhaps any variance from the output that are required. Additionally, the developers should focus on the performance, the reliability in order to improve on the quality of the software. References Ammann, P., Offutt, J. (2016). Introduction to software testing. Cambridge University Press. Au, F. T., Baker, S., Warren, I., Dobbie, G. (2008, January). Automated usability testing framework. In Proceedings of the ninth conference on Australasian user interface- Volume 76 (pp. 55-64). Australian Computer Society, Inc.. Chauhan, R. K., Singh, I. (2014). Latest research and development on Software Testing Techniques and Tools. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 4(4). Cohen, M. B., Gibbons, P. B., Mugridge, W. B., Colbourn, C. J. (2003, May). Constructing test suites for interaction testing. In Software Engineering, 2003. Proceedings. 25th International Conference on (pp. 38-48). IEEE. Gelperin, D., Hetzel, B. (1988). The growth of software testing. Communications of the ACM, 31(6), 687-695. Grundy, J., Ding, G., Hosking, J. (2005). Deployed software component testing using dynamic validation agents. Journal of Systems and Software, 74(1), 5-14. Hao, J., Mendes, E. (2006, July). Usage-based statistical testing of web applications. In Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Web engineering (pp. 17-24). ACM. Kasoju, A., Petersen, K., Mntyl, M. V. (2013). Analyzing an automotive testing process with evidence-based software engineering. Information and Software Technology, 55(7), 1237-1259. Kaur, M., Singh, R. (2014). A Review of software testing techniques. International Journal of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, 7(5), 463-474. Kuhn, D. R., Wallace, D. R., Gallo, A. M. (2004). Software fault interactions and implications for software testing. IEEE transactions on software engineering, 30(6), 418-421. Majchrzak, T. A. (2010, January). Best practices for the organizational implementation of software testing. In System Sciences (HICSS), 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 1-10). IEEE. Myers, G. J., Sandler, C., Badgett, T. (2011). The art of software testing. John Wiley Sons. Patton, R. (2001). Software testing. Sams publishing. Richardson, D., O'Malley, O., Tittle, C. (1989). Approaches to specification-based testing (Vol. 14, No. 8, pp. 86-96). ACM. Rushby, J. (2005, October). Automated test generation and verified software. In Working Conference on Verified Software: Theories, Tools, and Experiments (pp. 161-172). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Schwieren, J., Vossen, G., Westerkamp, P. (2006). Using Software Testing Techniques for Efficient Handling of Programming Exercises in an e-Learning Platform. Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 4(1), 87-94. Smith, J., Tessler, J., Kramer, E., Lin, C. (2012, September). Using peer review to teach software testing. In Proceedings of the ninth annual international conference on International computing education research (pp. 93-98). ACM. Singh, R., Arora, V. G. (2013). Practical approach for model based slicing (Doctoral dissertation). Sung, P. W. B., Paynter, J. (2006). Software testing practices in New Zealand. In Proceedings of the 19th annual conference of the national advisory committee on computing qualifications (pp. 273-282). Verma, V., Arora, V. G. (2014). Code and Model Based Test Sequence Generation for Multithreaded Programs (Doctoral dissertationn the companies in Auckland?

The developement of Free Jazz Essay Example For Students

The developement of Free Jazz Essay The Development of Free JazzAll music has to develop into something new and by the late 1950’s jazz was ready for a slight turn. A musical style called free jazz emerged with slight differences that has influenced most improvised music to this day. Some people despised this music’s lack of set form. They found it difficult to listen to because of the missing order and lack of pre-planed notes. Others embraced the new music and it’s emphasis on random feelings of emotion. For the men that developed free jazz it was a journey to find the â€Å"ultimate† expression in music. We will write a custom essay on The developement of Free Jazz specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There is no set definition for free jazz. â€Å"In free jazz, musicians improvise freely without adherence to time keeping patterns, conventional solo versus accompaniment roles, or the preset arrangement of harmonies (a chord progression) that commonly guided improvisation in earlier styles.(†Free Jazz† Encyclopedia Britannica Online)†Ornette Coleman, one of the leading men in free jazz, when asked the definition of free jazz said â€Å"In most music the composition determines the song, in free jazz, however, the song determines the composition.† By this he means that in free jazz the song depends on what is going on around the musician instead of already determined notes. People could say that that is true with improvised music in general but in much of improvised music there are set chord progressions that limit the notes that can be played at certain times. Free jazz brought about a more open and natural type of improvisation in music. There are a few major common elements in free jazz. Some times the music is based on the moment. The musician would play based on the mood in the room. He would ignore the chords and rhythms of the piece and use the energy in the room to make the piece best for that particular time. Sometimes there is collective improvisation in which some or all of the musicians are improvising at the same time. This is difficult because the musicians do not know what the other musicians are going to play next. And sometimes there is an odd or free time signature, and then music does not follow a strict tempo. A good example of this is mentioned in the book All you need is Love: the story of popular music. It says â€Å"Ornette Coleman†¦ slowed down or speeded up the tempo of his quartet at will, thus destroying all sense of regular meter or symmetry.† These ideas developed over time in certain musicians and later other musicians learned these styles from them. It is difficult to tell the history behind of free jazz with the many men that helped develop it. There were two men mainly credited with developing this style: Ornette Coleman and John Coltrane. Both men had separate careers but both created his own kind of free jazz. Ornette Coleman was best known for free jazz. His Album Free Jazz is where the name of this music was derived. Inspired by the music of Charlie Parker, Coleman started playing alto saxophone at 14 in 1944. When he started playing he made a mistake when reading the music. This mistake made him look at harmony and pitch differently.He later learned how to play the tenor saxophone and played in an RB band. People didn’t like his playing because it was not proper blues. After playing with a couple of other bands he took work not related to music but still studied music theory. In the Mid 50’s he found other musicians that respected his ideas. Doing some recordings he formed the Coleman Quartet and started playing at the New York’s Spot Cafe. He later recorded several albums including Free Jazz. By the end of the 60’s Coleman added electric guitars to his music and formed the band Prime Time. He called his music â€Å"Harmolodics† to symbolize the equal importance of harmony, melody and rhythm. .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f , .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f .postImageUrl , .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f , .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f:hover , .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f:visited , .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f:active { border:0!important; } .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f:active , .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5aa64b526edfe4193c499bc5f524267f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biochemical Engineering EssayBorn in 1926, Coltrane played the alto saxophone at the Ornstein School of music in Philadelphia. He was influenced by the music that was later known as RB. Starting his career he played with a couple big bands. While playing for Dizzy Gillespie Big band he switched to the tenor saxophone. While Coltrane was playing with the Miles Davis band in 1955, Davis was criticized for his choice of a saxophonist because of Coltrane’s awkward sound. He was fired from Davis’s Band because of his heroin problems. That gave Coltrane the awakening he needed. He quit heroin and focused on his art. He worked with many well-know artists and released some recordings as a leader instead of a sideman. As his music evolved he studied world religions and music of different cultures allowing him to add more â€Å"flavor† to jazz. In the mid 60’s he emphasized more on expression and put more aggressiveness in his music known as avant-garde, which is like free jazz. During the 50’s and 60’s men like Ornette Coleman, John Coltrane, and others developed a form of jazz know as free jazz that â€Å"violated traditional structures, tonalities, forms, chord sequences, modes of improvisation, rhythms, and even the tempered scale. (†Free Jazz† Dictionary of American Pop/Rock)† Some people do not like it because of it’s â€Å"total disorder.† Free jazz took classical jazz and brought it into the modern era. Work Citedâ€Å"Free Jazz,† Dictionary of American Pop/RockNew York: Schimer Books 1982â€Å"Free Jazz,† Encyclopedia Britannica OnlineAccessed January 5, 2000â€Å"Coleman, Ornette,† The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular MusicChester: Guinness Publishing LTD, 1992 Vol. 4â€Å"Jazz Music History Legendary Free Jazz Avont Garde Musicians†Accessed February 7, 2000â€Å"Free Jazz,†Coleman, Ornette,† Microsoft Encarta 98 EncyclopediaMicrosoft Corporation 1993-1997â€Å"Free Jazz,† The New Grove Dictionary of Music MusiciansNew York: Macmillan publishers limited 1980 Vol. 6â€Å"John Coltrane,† Popular MusiciansPasadena: Salem Press, Inc. 1999 Vol. 1â€Å"Biographies: Ornette Coleman† takephivejazz.comAccessed February 7, 2000Ornette Coleman on UBL.com Music’s Homepage† UBL.COMaccessed February 7, 2000â€Å"The Unofficial Home of Free Jazz†Accessed February 7, 2000

Special Education Essays

Special Education Essays Special Education Essay Special Education Essay Education is one of the main pillars of countries. Many societies have made great progress by giving importance to the field of education. It is a world wide known fact that educated people make a undeniable contribution to the development of their countries. Also, education plays a significant role in transmitting accumulated knowledge, customs and values from one generation to the next. On the other hand, education has certain malfunctions in some stages of its framework. In this article, I ant to talk about special education for the students who lack of some learning abilities and the students who are given to special interests by educators. I want to begin with a book that I read before: House Rules by Jodi Picoult. This book tells a special child with Aspergers syndrome from a mothers tongue. Aspergers syndrome is a kind of autism and Jacob has its characteristics. For instance, structure is important for Jacob, thats why his mom created house rules: 1 . Tell the truth 2. Brush your teeth 3. Take care of your brother and so on. One day, Jess Ogivy, caretaker of Jacob, is found dead and nobody knows who really did it and all the suspicions on the boy with autism and nobody thinks the matter between Justice and illness. This book affected me deeply and I wanted to share it with you. My another point is the giving no importance to the students interests and abilities, and the fact that they are being misdirected are incredible mistakes because these really affect their future career and life in a negative way. Especially, this issue hasnt been taken into consideration eriously by experts or other authorized persons in our country. People around the students should be aware of the fact that every individual has his/her own interests and skills, and they should leave them kids alone about what they want to be and revealing their predominant attributes. All in all, I wanted to attract your attention and make people more sensitive towards these issues. Also, I wanted to emphasize the roles of parents and teachers about determining students future career and development of them in their interests.

Marbury v. Madison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marbury v. Madison - Essay Example The facts that surrounded Marbury’s case were very complex. To begin with, following the election of 1800; the emergent Democratic-Republican Party led by Thomas Jefferson won the election against the John Adam’s Federalist Party. This defeat by Thomas Jefferson created an atmosphere of partisan anxiety for the lame duck Federalists2. As Adams became close to completing his term in office, he appointed several justice of peace for the District of Columbia who were approved by the Senate and received the president’s approval. The President’s signature was affixed with the government’s official seal. The commissions were not delivered; nonetheless, upon President Jefferson’s assumption of office by March 5, 1801, he ordered his Secretary of State by the name of James Madison, not to deliver the commissions. One of the appointees called William Marbury, and then filed a petition to the Supreme Court for a legal order or a writ of mandamus that aimed at compelling Madison to show the reasons behind him not being eligible to receive his commission. Chief Justice Marshall was called upon to solve the case, and was to respond to three questions. One of the questions was to determine whether Marbury has a right to writ for which he petitioned. The second one was whether the U.S. laws permitted the court to grant Marbury such a legal order. The third question was, if they did, could such a writ be supplied by the Supreme Court3? Responding to the first question, Marshal made a ruling that stated that Marbury had been legitimately appointed in accordance to the law, and thus, had a right to the writ. He further stated that since Marbury had a legal right to his commission and the law was to award him a remedy. The Chief Justice went ahead and indicated that it was the particular obligation of the courts to protect

Starbucks's finacial analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks's finacial analysis - Essay Example The cost of equity is calculated by the formula: Ce = Rf + (Em-Rf)*b, where The cost of debt of Starbucks is very low as the company has the vision to attain minimum debt. The amount of debt raised by Starbucks is very low. Due to the tax shield, the cost of debt of Starbucks is very low. The tax rate of Starbucks is 32.8%. The cost of equity and the cost of debt of Starbucks are multiplied respectively to the respective proportions of the debt and equity. The weighted cost of debt and weighted cost of equity are added to find the weighted average cost of capital (Yahoo finance, 2013). The weighted average cost of capital of Starbucks is 11.14%. The earnings before interest and taxes of Starbucks are about 15.7% of the total revenue in 2012. The earnings before interest and tax are the net earnings after operation before interest and taxes are paid (Baker and  Powell, 2009). The increase in EBIT over the last three years is depicted in the table given below. The FCF for Starbucks has been calculated below with the help of formula: Net Earnings before paying interest and tax * (1- tax rate) + Amortization and Depreciation – Net change in working capital – Capital Expenditure. The depreciation and amortization expense of the company consists of the expenses written off by the loss of valuation of its assets due to usage and part of the expenses due to repayment of the loans consisting of principal and interest payments. The depreciation and amortization of the company has increased by 5.56% from 2011 to 2012. The working capital of Starbucks is determined as the net of the current assets after meeting the current liabilities of the company to run its daily operations. The working capital of Starbucks has changed over the years which could be indicated by the trend of change in working capital over the years (Khan, 2004). The compounded annual growth rate

The play The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

The play The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay The play The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare is one of the English playwrights’ most popular plays, both on the stage and in classrooms. Although often thought of as one of his simplest and most straightforward plays, The Tragedy of Macbeth is actually one of Shakespeare’s most successful attempts at exploring different gender roles and disrupting gender roles which were considered to be â€Å"norms† in his era. One of the first examples of Shakespeare disrupting gender roles with Lady Macbeth is in Act 1, Scene 5. According to Lady Macbeth, Macbeth is too kind and weak-minded to kill Duncan and become King. She, therefore, resolves to â€Å"pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valor of my tongue†, which is another way of saying that she will keep nagging and pester him to go through with the deed and kill Duncan so that he may become king. In Shakespeare’s time, men were the dominant one in a marriage. Women were supposed to obey their husbands without question and essentially to be â€Å"ruled over† similarly to how an empire is ruled over by an emperor. When Shakespeare wrote this play, it was unheard of and perhaps even unimaginable for a woman to be the dominant one in a relationship. It is very likely that Shakespeare’s audience would have been scandalized by the sight of a woman taking control of a relationship and would have viewed it as tantamount to treason. The most widely used example of Shakespeare disrupting gender norms in Macbeth is in Act 1 Scene 5 in Lady Macbeth’s famous soliloquy: Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty. Make thick my blood. Stop up th\ access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose, nor keep the peace between Th\ effect and it. Come to my woman\s breasts, And take my milk for gall, you murd\ring ministers, Wherever in your sightless substances You wait on nature\s mischief. In this segment, Lady Macbeth calls upon evil spirits to turn her into the man that she needs to be to carry out her plan to assassinate Duncan by taking her breast milk, typically used to portray gentleness, kindness, and motherhood. This is the first time in the play that the audience really gets to see Lady Macbeth’s true nature, and how evil and mentally unstable she is. In Shakespeare’s time, seeing a woman behave this way would no doubt have made many people very uncomfortable. One other example of gender stereotypes affecting Macbeth’s plot takes place in Act 2, Scene 3. After the murder of Duncan by Macbeth, Macduff says to Lady Macbeth: O gentle lady, Tis not for you to hear what I can speak. The repetition in a womans ear, Would murder as it fell. This line shows how much Macduff is tied to the old stereotype of gentle, kind and compassionate women. Because of this, he never once suspects Lady Macbeth of being involved in Duncan’s murder because he doesn’t believe that a woman can even hear or speak on the topic of murder, let alone plan and carry out the deed herself. This proves to be critical to the plot. If Macduff had set aside his prejudices about what women supposedly can and can’t do, then he might have even begun to suspect Lady Macbeth of orchestrating Duncan’s assassination. I for one believe that Lady Macbeth was aware of these prevalent prejudices and stereotypes and was counting on them to deflect suspicion off of her so she and Macbeth would have an unobstructed path to the throne. But perhaps the best example of a character in Macbeth refuting a men’s stereotype comes from Macduff in Act 4 Scene 3 after the death of his wife and child. The conversation between him and Malcolm takes place as follows: MACDUFF He has no children. All my pretty ones? Did you say \ all\? O hell-kite! All? What, all my pretty chickens and their dam At one fell swoop? MALCOLM Dispute it like a man. MACDUFF I shall do so, But I must also feel it as a man. I cannot but remember such things were That were most precious to me. In this short excerpt, upon hearing about the tragedy that has taken place, Malcolm tells Macduff to fight it like a man, to which Macduff replies that will do just that, but he has to feel it as well as fight it. A little later he states: Oh, I could play the woman with my eyes, And braggart with my tongue! This tells us that he is weeping for the loss of his wife and child and feeling and acknowledging his sorrow. During Shakespeare’s time, it was expected that men, when beset with such tragedies, would quickly convert their sorrow into white-hot rage instead of really mourning the loss of their loved ones in the way we do today. Macduff, by literally weeping for his family, breaks this gender norm and allows Shakespeare to show his audience that it is not dishonorable for full-grown men to show emotion- in fact, it is the exact opposite. In summary, The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare is one of the best examples of any author/playwright disrupting gender norms in the 16th-17th century. Several of the characters in this play act out of what was considered ordinary or even acceptable at that time period. As seen in paragraph 4, even the plot is, to an extent, dependent on one of the characters (Macduff) being unsuspicious of Lady Macbeth simply because she is a woman.

motivation Essay example -- essays research papers

One’s personality can be understood from the people they mingle with.† With this said, I find myself most influenced and inspired by personalities similar to mine. Whether it is an innate biological factor or a result of my upbringing, I find myself to be an anthology of all the personalities within my immediate family. My family’s personalities and leadership qualities are all similar and have been highly instrumental in my own personality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One would ask, â€Å"what type of personalities do your family possess?† My mother, the most influential personality and leader in my life is a complete replica of what I want to be, and with time, what I will be. According to the â€Å"Big Five Personality Dimensions,† my mother is extremely outgoing, â€Å"very goal oriented† and â€Å"responsible,† exceptionally â€Å"confident† and â€Å"stable,† and very open to new ideas. However, when analyzing my mother under the â€Å"agreeableness† dimension, my mother is by no means â€Å"aloof,† she is indeed good-natured, but not to the point where I would deem her an exceedingly â€Å"warm† and â€Å"considerate.† In my eyes, these qualities are key to becoming a successful leader both in the corporate world and in life in general.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the x and y theory, my mother is a strong believer in the x-theory. The x-theory states, â€Å" the average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible.† It short, it goes on to explain that people must be â€Å"directed...

The Act of Manipulation Is to Control or Influence Someone

The act of manipulation is to control or influence someone or a situation. Throughout all of history there are many examples of manipulation enacted by a person in higher position. George Orwell captures the act of government manipulation in his literary work Nineteen Eighty-Four. The predominant type of manipulation in Nineteen Eighty-Four is psychological. The government uses brainwashing, fear of thought, and fear of the party to control the psychological state of society. George Orwell demonstrated the technique of brainwashing demonstrated throughout the whole novel.George Orwell introduces the reader to the idea of brainwashing when ‘Two Minutes of Hate,† a daily two-minute period is aired on large telescreens throughout the city and in every home. â€Å"Two Minutes of Hate† a strategy for brainwashing used by the party, presents the party’s greatest enemy. A terrible sound accompanies Goldstein’s image in order to trigger people’s feelin gs of frustration, and therefore sight of Goldstein becomes implanted in the brain associating the two senses with a negative concept, therefore allowing the government to control societies psychological feelings.Another example of brainwashing is evident when the party forces Winston, the main character, to face his fear of rats. Rats are used to intensify Winston’s fear forcing him to a point of breaking his spirit of independence. Winston surrenders and lets go of all his personal emotion. George Orwell explains how the use of brainwashing by the government has allowed them to convince society that 2+2=5. Government can psychologically control society by brainwashing the people.

London Museums

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5724 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Tourism Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The future of Londons museums The following research paper investigates the present condition of London’s museums, focusing upon three aspects: their historical development, their present issues and debates, and their strategies for ensuring future survival and prosperity. To ascertain these facts five senior management figures from five leading London museums were interviewed and asked to complete questionnaires discussing the themes mentioned above. The research focuses at much length upon the decision of the present Labour government to introduce free admission to London’s museums and to finance this policy with funds from the National Lottery. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "London Museums | Tourism Dissertation" essay for you Create order Another key aspect of the research was to determine the level of competition posed to London’s museums by European, American and other international museums; further, to discover how London’s museums might raise their performance to match this competition. In addition, another type of competition faced by London’s museums is that of domestic attractions perceived by tourists and the public to be more sensational and exciting than ‘old-fashioned’ museums. Famous examples include the London Eye, Madam Taussards, and the Tower of London amongst others; these attractions fit well with the zeitgeist of modern British youth and it is a major problem for London’s museums as to how they will re-assert their prominence. A third central aspect of the research, viewed both from the sides of museum management and from the government, is the question of the strategies that London’s museums will pursue in the twenty-first century. The survival and success of London’s museums will very much depend upon the decisions made regarding such strategy and its efficacy once put into place. The present research assesses the likely efficacy of such strategies, and the consequences that their implementation will have upon the public’s ‘museum experience’. The results of the research paint double-sided picture: on the side, of optimism regarding the increased admissions figures witnessed since free admissions began, and, on the other side, a gloomy scene dominated by the London museums’ lack of financial support and by the negative consequences of the government insistence of putting attendance figures before a qualitative artistic and cultural experience. Section 1: Introduction Since the foundation of the British Museum almost two hundred and fifty years ago, London has had an international reputation as the museum capital of the world, as the city with the finest collections, the best specialists and the most to offer the fascination of the public. In addition to the British Museum, London can boast the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the London Transport Museum, the Victoria Albert Museum and the Theatre Museum amongst numerous other world-class museum-experiences. In their early decades London’s museums flourished through the generosity of private donations and gifts, and through royal and government funding; these ample resources gave museums such as the British Museum unrivalled funds for the construction of magnificent architecture and the gathering of the most splendid specimens and pieces from across the globe. But by the early 1990’s, and reflecting Britain’s changed economic circumstances, London’s museums found themselves in need of considerable new funds to pay for refurbishments and developments so as to keep pace with other museums in the capital cities of Europe and in America. The advent of the National Lottery in 1994, and the terms of its constitution whereby a majority of its funds would go to museums and galleries, apparently offered the very chance to bring about a revival in the fortunes and prosperity of London’s museums. Thus between 1994-2003 more than  £13 billion was given to good causes by the National Lottery and the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) (Selwood Davies, 2005: p.3);  £1 billion was given to six hundred museums across the country (Selwood Davies, 2005: p.3). These funds were intended for the construction of new buildings and exhibition halls, and to compensate museums and galleries for the loss of revenue that they would incur once free admission was introduced. A few smaller museums were also enabled to open in London because of grants from the HLF. The next radical step in the recent history of London’s museums came when the Labour Party in their 1997 manifesto, promised that when elected they would introduce free admission into London’s museums a move that it was anticipated would greatly increase attendance from members of the general public. In the event, this prediction turned out to be just right, particularly in the two years immediately succeeding the introduction of free admission. The government minister then in charge of museums in 2001, Estelle Morris, spoke of 2000 as ‘an unprecedented season of openings and flourishing’ (DOC, 2000) for London museums. The year 2000 witnessed nine major construction or refurbishment projects in London’s great museums and a total of  £379 million spent on this ( £193 million of which came from lottery sources) (Selwood Davies, 2005: p.4). The most spectacular of these projects was the construction by Norman Foster of the G reat Court at the British Museum costing  £110 million (of which  £47 million was derived from lottery sources) (Selwood Davies, 2005: p.5). All in all, it seemed that the lottery was proving a vital fertilizing force in the rejuvenation and restoration of London’s great museums. This optimism was very clearly reflected in the visitor figures following free admission. In 2001/2002 London museums that had previously received capital funding from lottery sources noticed a staggering rise in visitor numbers of 5.3 million when compared with the 1999/2000 season; in 2002/2003 this figure jumped again to 6.3 million extra visits compared with 1999/2000 (this representing an increase of 89%). In stark contrast London museums that did not receive lottery funding say they annual attendance figure drop by 7% in 2001/02 and 13% in 2002/03 when compared to the 1999/00 season. To take an individual instance, the Victoria Albert Museum witnessed an increase in attendance from 75, 773 in November 2000 to 132,882 in November 2001 (this figure even jumped 270% by March 2002). Likewise, attendance figures at the Science Museum rose by 120% and the National History Museum by 74% in the same period (All figures: Selwood Davies, 2005: pp. 6-10). Nonetheless, this stream of incessantly impressive and rising admissions figures masked a major concern unsettling many of the managers and director’s of London’s leading museums. These figures of course welcomed lottery funding as a vital means of rejuvenating London’s museums and making them competitive with museums found in New York, Paris, Berlin and elsewhere. Nonetheless, the advent of free admission introduced at the same time a far greater degree of vulnerability and uncertainty in the financial arrangements and security of London’s museums. It was obvious to museum strategists and directors that a great deal of lottery money would be needed to compensate for the loss of revenue en dured once free admission was introduced. Crucially, it would be paramount that lottery contributions of the levels of 2001 would be sustained for the long-term; nothing would be worse that one spectacular year for two of prosperity and massive investment followed by ten or twenty years of under investment and decline. It is recent charge imputed by many museum directors against the government and the HLF directors that they were naà ¯ve in profoundly underestimating the levels of investment that would e required to sustain not only the rejuvenation of London’s museums but merely also their survival. The British Museum alone, for instance, according to its director Neil MacGregor stands to lose  £80 million over ten years from lost revenues and reclaimed VAT. Increased attendance figures are welcomed naturally by all museum directors on the absolute condition that sufficient funds are made available to pay the costs of this increased attendance. Selwood and Davies calcu lated that since the advent of free admission and 7.3 million extra visitors each of these visitors cost London’s museums on average  £3.56 per visitor  £3.56 extra that has to be found by the museums from non-lottery funding (Selwood Davies, 2003: p.8). Thus free admission has had a bitter sting in its tale, and it may be said that presently a great many of London’s famous museums find themselves in financial difficulties, unable to pay for restorations and improvements; unable to compete with American and European museums for the finest pieces and exhibitions, unable to attract the brightest researchers and curators and ultimately in danger of losing the great reputations that some have nurtured for as long as two centuries. It is clear to all, museum directors and government officials alike, that the present funding arrangements of London’s museums are precarious and that a serious strategy needs to be devised to offer such museums long-term financi al security and thus a platform to compete with the other leading museums of the world. This present dissertation conducted interviews, by way of questionnaires with five senior figures from five of London’s leading museums the British Museum, the Science Museum, the Natural History Museum, the London Transport Museum and the V A museum to ascertain their thoughts and attitudes regarding the present state and the likely future state of London’s museums. These senior figures were questioned on their beliefs regarding the lottery funding of museums, on the advent of free admission, on the extent of government funding, on international competition, and on future strategy. The picture that emerges from these interviews is one of profound uncertainty over the future survival and prosperity of London’s museums; buffeted on the one side by the loss of revenue from free admission, and on other sides by the short-fall in promised lottery investment and the prese nt government’s obsession with the quantitative aspect of museum attendance at the expense of the quality of the visitor’s experience. Section 2: Literature Review It perhaps appropriate to preface this literature review with a few remarks about its undertaking. Often when undertaking research that refers to relatively recent events, the researcher finds that the academic world has not yet had time to catch-up in print and publish scholarly books and articles covering these events. With the present research however the proposition was entirely opposite; even though the subjects of lottery funding, free admission and so on are relatively recent, there is nonetheless an abundance of literature dealing with the specific question of the future of London’s museums. The task of the researcher was thus to sift this material so as to isolate its most pertinent and relevant parts. Another unusual aspect of this present literature review is its wide use of government documents and announcements. An overriding theme throughout the present paper is the intimacy of the relationship between the government and museum managers and directors. Natura lly, the government perspective upon events is not published through academic books and journals, but by speeches, white-papers, press releases and so on. This research of course made much use of the outstanding museum journals, pre-eminently Curator: The Museum Journal. Of the several articles from this journal used in this dissertation, one was of seminal importance in providing statistical and analytical evidence of the impact of lottery funding and free admission upon London’s museums, this being: S. Selwood and M. Davies (2005) ‘Capital Costs: Lottery Funding in Britain and Consequences for Museums. The article excellently articulates the dilemma that has crept upon London’s museums now that the inadequacy of lottery funding to meet extra visitors numbers has become apparent. There are hints in the above article to possible solutions to the funding crisis facing London’s museums, and these solutions are discussed in greater depth in R. Baronâ₠¬â„¢s ‘Reinventing a State Program for Museum Funding’ (2003). Question marks as to the thoroughness and efficacy in practice of the government’s free admissions policy is raised in several places: Freudenheim’s ‘That Politics Problem’ (2005), Babbidge’s ‘UK Museums; Safe and Sound? (2000) and Sharp’s ‘Controversy and Challenge: British Funding Increases Nationally, But Not to National Museums’ all echo the apprehensiveness and fear felt by many museum directors and staff towards the financial liabilities that would arise in the wake of free admissions (2006). Freudenheim, in particular, highlights a certain naivety in government’s attitude towards the workings of national museums; citing in particular the government’s inveterate insistence upon the increasing of admissions figures no matter what the effects of this upon either museum costs or the aesthetic museum-experience of visitors. The government’s position, and its obvious delight and sense of fulfilment at increased attendance figures since free admission, is given in a number of documents. Principally, the paper London Cultural Capital – Realising the Potential of a World Class City published by the London’s Museums Agency (2004) establishes the governments intentions and strategy towards the future of London’s museums. The paper gives fifteen government policies, under the headers value, access, creativity, and excellence by which the government’s museum strategies will be delivered in future. The government, in association with the National Lottery, has written in several places of its satisfaction at the results of the introduction of the policy of free admissions. In particular, the paper One Year On Visitor Numbers Soaring At National Museums Following Abolition Of Entry Charges published by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 1 January 2003 gives a sense of the euphoria and achievement perceived by the government. Also, the paper Two Years On Free Admission to National Museums Draws Even Bigger Crowds again published by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport on 9 March 2003 gives much the same impression. In each of these documents the government stresses its loyalty and commitment to the principle of free admission and to the extension of this principle as far as possible. At the same time, there is little reference in these documents to the nervousness and trepidation felt by museum directors and managers about the future prosperity of the institutions they preside over. It is in this absence of self-criticism, that the reader perceives the origins of the discrepancy between that government’s perception of the financial condition of London’s museums and the reality of their condition. The possible consequences of such as disparity increasing, and of a competition gap widening between London’s museums an d those in America and Europe, are well delineated in Cain’s article ‘Museums and the Future of Collecting’ (2005). In short, the extant literature paints the present picture of London’s museums as a time of grave uncertainty with respect to their financial predicament and thus their world-class legacies and reputations. These sources also acknowledge the considerable benefits already brought by lottery funding and free admission, and point also to the great future potential of these schemes; they instil in the reader at the same time a warning that idealism must be checked by pragmatic considerations before London’s museums can attain the future they deserve. Section 3: Methodology The principal method of primary data collection for this research was the interviewing, by way of questionnaires, of several senior figures at five of London’s leading museums. The decision to interview senior management and directing figures, rather than members of the public, had the obvious advantage that the answers obtained would be the specialist opinions of people with an intimate knowledge of the subject matter of the research. Members of the general public, especially those living in London, often show much interest and curiosity towards the subject of the prosperity and fate of London’s museums, but at the same time are not professionals with direct experience of the key debates and consultations. To arrange these five meetings, the researcher wrote fifteen letters to major London museums. Of these fifteen requests for an interview, seven positive responses were returned to the interviewer, of which five eventually furnished the opportunity of an inter view. In requesting these interviews letters were sent to the director of each museum, irregardless of the sex, race, or religion of the person. Of the five eventual interviewees, three were men and two women; their ages ranged between forty-one and sixty-three. At the behest of interviewees, all of whom preferred to speak off the record due to the sensitivity of many of the issues of discussion, neither their names nor their titles are given in the final publication of this research. Thus, in the transcripts presented in the appendix of this research, each of the five interviewees are referred to as ‘a senior figure’ and ascribed a coded number following the simple scheme 001-002-003-004-005. This sensitivity, arising from the various present tensions over funding between London museums, the HLF and the government, clearly raises certain ethical questions about the present research. Above all, is it permissible to expose senior figures to possible embarrassment o r worse, for the sake of the findings of this research. In answer to this question, the present researcher would say two things: firstly, that explicit consent for every interview was obtained by the researcher before the commencement of each interview, thus all interviewees participated at their own volition; secondly, following Utilitarian principles of seeking ‘the greatest good for the greatest number’, the researcher decided that the possible positive benefits and improved public understanding of the topic that might arise from this research could justify the slight ethical risks associated with the carrying-out of this research. It is a belief of the researcher that by informing the academic community and the public of the chief issues and controversies now affecting London’s museums, that the debate generated from this knowledge will lead to greater consideration on all sides being shown towards the preservation and improvement of London’s world- famous reputation as a museum centre. A number of criticisms may be levelled at the methodology discussed in this section. Firstly, it might be asked, with some justification, whether or not the interviewing of only five museum figures can produce results characteristic of attitudes and opinions of London’s museums as a whole. Naturally, critics might ask how the researcher can infer from the collection of five opinions general trends governing the many hundreds and thousands of senior figures working for the management of London’s museums. Likewise, why does the report interview exclusively figures from museum management and not from the government or from the National Lottery? In response to the first question the reply must be that with limited resources and limited time, it seemed most prudent to the researcher to restrict the field of investigation to a narrow focus, where the results obtained could be subjected to a significant scrutiny and analysis someth ing which resource constraints would have rendered impossible had the field been extended much wider. Moreover, whilst only five persons were interviewed, these figures preside over London’s five largest museums which between them see greater attendance figures and government investment than all of London’s other museums combined. Thus the opinions of the figures interviewed actually are far more representative of London as a whole than would first appear likely. In response to the second question, a similar answer might be given: only museum directors were interviewed because they are the persons with the most intimate knowledge of the matters under discussion. If the present researcher were in future to extend the present research, then the opinions of others outside of museum management would certainly have to be included. As it was, the present report incorporates sufficient expert opinion, to make its findings relevant to the better academic and public understa nding of the issues affecting the future of London’s museums. Section 4: Results Analysis The aim of the present research was to investigate the likely future of London’s museums; this research was undertaken by way of interviews with five senior figures from five leading London museums. From the information gained from the literature review undertaken by the researcher it seemed most appropriate to question these museum directors on five main subjects: lottery funding, the advent of free admission, international competition, future strategy and the employment of new researchers and curators. The expectation of the researcher was that the general opinion of these senior figures would have initially been one of welcome to the proposed lottery funding, but that this initial welcome would have turned to mild scepticism in the wake of free admission and the provocation of severe uncertainty following the extra costs incurred by increased visitor numbers and lesser-than-expected lottery investment. What opinions then did these results produce in actuality? (1) L ottery Funding. The five interviewed senior figures unanimously (5 of 5) welcomed the original government proposals to aid London’s and Britain’s museums through funds made available by the national lottery. Museums such as the British Museum, with its newly built Great Court, was given considerable lottery funding amounting to  £47 million (Selwood Davies, 2003: p.3). Museum directors were quick to concede that such developments would have been impossible without these lottery funds or an extremely large, but unlikely, private donation. In short, museum directors were united in their praise for proposed lottery investment. (2) Free Admission. The chief feature of the respondents’ answers to questions posed about free admission were twofold: on the one hand, respondents welcomed the opportunity to open their doors to ever greater numbers of people, thus disseminating cultural and scientific experience as far as possible; on the other hand, words such as à ¢â‚¬Ëœapprehension’ and ‘scepticism’ were used liberally by nearly all of those interviewed. What most strongly prompted this apprehension was the ‘twining’ of free admission introduction with the compensation for lost revenue by lottery funding. Directors confided that when allowed to charge admission fees their museums did at least have a degree of self-sufficiency and so could determine their own future strategies and successes. But lottery funding conditioned by the introduction of free admission policies has subjected London’s museums to a profound financial vulnerability and loss of independence. These museums, now depend upon the HLF for often as much a half of their income; if controversies or difficulties arise with the lottery directors or with the ministers directing them, then the museums are forced to abide by outside instruction and policy. Moreover, the great fear that lottery investment would not be sustained appears to have come true for all of the five museums whose for whom senior figures were interviewed for this research. So too, insufficient lottery funding has been made available to compensate for the extra costs incurred by the vastly increased visitor numbers experienced after the introduction of free admission. Interviewees hinted at a certain naivety and lack of preparation on the part of ministers and lottery managers with respect to the projected visitor increases following free admission and the costs that would be incurred by this. (3) International Competition. On the question of international competition there was further unanimity of opinion amongst the senior figures interviewed. Each respondent vigorously asserted that the collections of the museums he or she presided over as a manager were the equal of any equivalent museum anywhere in the world. Managers from the British Museum and the Natural History Museum, not to mention others, could rightly boast that their reputations wer e pre-eminent amongst international museums. At the same time, three of the figures interviewed (the exceptions presided over specialist museums with little international competition) confided that many American and European museums simply had far better funding and so purchasing-power than their own London museums. For the immediate future, this gap will mean that these international museums will continue to purchase new pieces of exceptional public interest whilst London’s museums will have to remain content with their existing impressive but static collections. In the medium- and long-term future, if this purchasing disparity continues then a qualitative difference will emerge ever more clearly between the museums of London and those of America and Europe. (4) Recruitment. When embarking upon the present research the researcher did not anticipate that ‘the difficulty of recruiting new researchers and curators’ would be a major concern to London’s mus eums regarding their futures. Nonetheless, as the searching through the literature review proceeded and as the topic came into better perspective this problem seemed to be a central concern for several of the major London museums. Specialist museums like the V A and the Theatre Museum do not, according to results, face such problems; but senior figures from the Natural History Museum, the British Museum and the Science museum may all face crises over recruitment in the near future. According to these figures the recruitment of new staff has been a subject neglected by the government in their ceaseless quest for higher admission figures and in ‘measuring the value’ of a museum-goers’ experience. The science museum can no longer attract top scientists and researchers because they are paid so little:  £20,000 as a starting salary, peaking at  £50,000 ( ). Commercial companies and American museums offer far better salaries and improved facilities. If this â⠂¬Ëœbrain-drain’ continues for much longer, then it may prove to be the greatest of all dangers to the future prosperity of London’s museums. These institutions are sustained not only by their pieces and specimens, but by the care and expertise of their curators and other staff; it is this expertise and the respect that arises from it that gives these institutions their world-class reputations. If this expertise evaporates, then no amount of increased admission or funding or improved strategy will protect the legacies and future prosperity of London’s museums. But towards the re-capture and enticement of these experts the government and the lottery fund seem somewhat blinded; given the extent to which London’s museums now rely upon government funding, it is precisely with the government that the responsibility lies for providing sufficient funding for home-grown and international experts to crave as they used to the opportunity to work in the prestigio us museums of London. (5) Future Strategy. The senior figures interviewed for this research are nearly as one when they declare that future strategy has to be built around the attainment of financial stability; this is to be sought through an improved, more efficient and more effective relationship with the government and the HLF. A better balance has to be struck between the government’s ardent desire for ever increased admissions and the practical and pragmatic methods by which these extra admissions, dragging with them their extra costs, will be paid for. If a resolution and balancing is not achieved here then the obvious and inevitable path down which London’s museums must slide is that of ever greater debt and so lesser purchasing-power for new pieces and so a general decline in the standing and reputation of London’s museums. The reality of this predicament is brought home, even as this dissertation is written-up, by the announcement today of the Lon don Theatre Museum (BBC, 2006) that they face imminent closure unless a major cash injection from the lottery fund is received. The alternative strategies are these: firstly, an abrupt about-face by the museums whereby they begin to charge for admission. This path is unattractive as there are numerous legislative, ethical and civil obstacles to this policy’s reinstatement. Another alternative is increased public funding from a source other than the lottery; this however looks most unlikely in the short-term. Thus, setting aside the remote chance that a massive private donation will save them, museums must, in their strategising come to agreement with the government about how extra funding from the lottery may be obtained. In short, the results obtained from this present research point to two things: firstly, that senior figures from the five museums interviewed welcomed in general lottery funding as a means to achieve rejuvenation and restoration; secondly, that this op timism changed to apprehension and tentativeness once it became clear the extent to which lottery funding would be dependant upon free admissions policies. Thirdly, it is obvious from all the interviews, that London’s museums are at a cross-roads and a defining moment in their illustrious history. To the left, is the danger of an ever greater financial disparity caused by increasing visitor figures and inadequate lottery funding; to the right is offered a sound financial structure that will ensure the continuation and prosperity of London’s museums’ world-class reputation. Section 5: Conclusion In the final analysis, it seems most appropriate to say that London’s museums are now at a seminal moment in their historical development a moment of both opportunity and precariousness. The opportunities promised by massive lottery funding at first seemed likely to engender a great rejuvenation of London’s museums; indeed, this new source of funding promised to keep London’s museums competitive with the other great museums of the world for the foreseeable future. The advent of free admission was met with both tentativeness and warmth by the senior figures interviewed by this researcher; apprehension because free admission, and thus loss of revenue from admission charges, meant a far greater degree of dependence upon the government and the LHF and thus greater financial uncertainty. If the new relationship between lottery funding and free admission worked in practice as some had suggested in theory that it would, then London’s museums would have a br ight and perhaps glorious future. If, on the other hand, the organization and administration of lottery funding was inadequate or improperly practised then a disparity would open between increasing admissions numbers and the ability of museums to pay the extra costs of these visitors. In the event, both expectations and fears were realised by the introduction of free admission in London’s museums. As the figures cited throughout this dissertation attest, visitor figures rose spectacularly in the wake of free admission. Greater numbers of the British general public and international visitors than ever before were able to receive the cultural and scientific treasures of London’s great museums. Nonetheless, once the honeymoon period had waned, it became clear to many museum managers and directors that insufficient lottery funds were being supplied to compensate for loss of revenue incurred after the dropping of admissions charges and after the increase of visitors a lso from this policy. In the years since free admission was introduced, London’s museums have acquired ever greater deficits on their balance sheets. This lack of funding has, in the opinions of the persons interviewed for this research, one principal cause: the inadequacy of the preparation and the superficiality of vision of the government when hastily making arrangements for the lottery funded policy of free admission. Moreover, this lack of funding has three further detrimental and deleterious effects: firstly, London’s museums can no longer compete with major American and European museums in the purchasing and acquiring of major new pieces; as such, in the long-term these museums will be able to attract fewer visitors. Secondly, London’s museums cannot purchase enough spectacular pieces to tempt tourists and British youngsters away from other London attractions such as Madam Taussards, the London Eye, the Millennium Bridge. If this double-draining (to wards other museums and other attractions) of museum audiences continues then they will be caught in the vicious circle of too few visitors and so too little money to buy attractive new exhibits. Thirdly, lack of funding is leading to a further ‘brain-drain’ to America and the commercial sector of talented young curators and scientists who cannot find matching salaries in London. If this drain continues for much longer then London’s museums will seriously jeopardise their reputations. It is evident from the literature reviewed and from the senior figures interviewed, that the strategic solutions needed to provide financial stability for London’s museums must be built around the development of a better working relationship and better communication between the government, the HLF and museum managements. Paramount, is the question of how the extra costs incurred due to increased visitor numbers are to be adequately met from lottery funds. Museum directo rs might rightly point out and in so doing they would have the sympathy of great swathes of the general public that a far greater quantity of lottery finding might be made available if less were spent on the often dubious causes which the National Lottery presently seems devout to supply. If the effort to forge an improved relationship with the LHF and government fails, then London’s museums have few viable strategic options. One possibility is a return to the charging of admission fees; such a move would however face considerable government and public opposition. A change of government might facilitate such a move, or might even lead to an improved relationship between itself and museum directors. The only other option and this is more of a hope than an expectation or strategy is of some massive private donation or endowment to support London’s museums. Even if such an endowment were given to a single institution such as the British Museum or the Natural Histor y museum, such an endowment would not offer a solution to London’s other museums. If however the government-museums relationship succeeds then the two other major problems of recruitment difficulties and international competition will disappear since these problems are the result of financial difficulties. 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